the following simulation was done with a
0.00 percent change in voc.
voc nox o3 time
predicted changes in ozone for future changes in hc
voc nox co o3 %-chg voc %-chg nox %-chg co %-chg o3
predicted changes in ozone for future changes in nox
voc nox co o3 %-chg voc %-chg nox %-chg co %-chg o3
predicted changes in ozone for future changes in co
voc nox co o3 %-chg voc %-chg nox %-chg co %-chg o3
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
height 250.0 631.5 1173.7 1726.2 2156.8 2460.1 2678.6 2846.0
temperature (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
temp 294.0 297.0 300.0 303.0 304.0 305.0 306.0 306.0 307.0
307.0 306.0 304.0
pressure 0.97 atmosphere
water concentrations (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
ppm 16841. 17753. 17944. 17493. 17166. 16737. 15707. 15707. 16057.
16057. 18652. 19807.
relative humidity (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
rh (%) 68.0 60.0 51.0 42.0 39.0 36.0 32.0 32.0 31.0
31.0 38.0 45.0
voc reactivity fractions
initial transport
voc emitted aloft surface
par 0.564 0.498 0.498
eth 0.037 0.034 0.034
ole 0.035 0.020 0.020
tol 0.089 0.042 0.042
xyl 0.117 0.026 0.026
form 0.021 0.070 0.070
ald2 0.052 0.037 0.037
dien 0.000 0.000 0.000
nr 0.085 0.273 0.273
no2/nox ratios:
initial emitted surface mix = 0.25
transported surface mixture = 1.00
transported aloft mixture = 1.00
hourly emissions = 0.05
transported concentrations
surface o3 = 0.000 voc = 0.000 nox = 0.000 co = 0.000 ppm
aloft voc = 0.030 nox = 0.002 co = 0.500 ppm
height o3 aloft
100. 0.0555
emissions fractions
(ratioed to initial concentrations for initial mixing height and 298.15 k)
hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
species m.w.
voc 14.50 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.047 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.053
nox 46.00 0.075 0.067 0.060 0.060 0.062 0.061 0.061 0.064 0.070 0.074
isop 68.13 3.876 5.88613.35021.10222.96824.26023.68622.53719.95314.786
apin 136.24 0.718 0.933 1.149 1.436 1.507 1.579 1.651 1.651 1.651 1.579
co 28.00 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.000
mass emissions
(kg/km**2 at 298.15 k)
hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
species
voc 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.3
nox 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1
isop 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.0
apin 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
co 9.7 8.8 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.8 9.1 0.0
surface deposition rates (cm/sec)
species hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14
no2 rate 0.480 0.540 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.540 0.480
0.360 0.240 0.000 0.000
o3 rate 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.700 0.600
0.500 0.300 0.000 0.000
hno3 rate 3.000 3.300 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.300 3.200
3.000 2.600 0.000 0.000
h2o2 rate 1.800 1.900 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.900 1.800
1.700 1.600 0.000 0.000
pan rate 0.480 0.540 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.540 0.480
0.360 0.240 0.000 0.000
ekma calculations are performed to estimate
site-specific voc control requirements
base year
ozone 0.158 ppm
voc/nox 11.100
co from emissions (6 to 9 a.m.) 1.700 ppm
future year
anticipated change in nox -20.000 percent
anticipated change in co -20.000 percent
co from emissions (6 to 9 a.m.) 1.360 ppm
voc transported aloft 0.024 ppmc
nox transported aloft 0.002 ppm
co transported aloft 0.500 ppm
height o3 aloft
100. 0.0527
ozone in the surface layer 0.000 ppm
voc in the surface layer 0.000 ppmc
nox in the surface layer 0.000 ppm
co in the surface layer 0.000 ppm
the following ekma simulations were done.
voc nox o3 time
1.00000 0.09009 0.14667 1850.
1.07727 0.09705 0.15115 1850.
1.19536 0.10769 0.15789 1851.
the following simulation was done with a
0.00 percent change in voc.
voc nox o3 time
1.19536 0.08615 0.14585 1850.
predicted changes in ozone for future changes in hc
voc nox co o3 %-chg voc %-chg nox %-chg co %-chg o3
1.195 0.086 1.360 .1459 0.0 -20.0 -20.0 -7.6
1.076 0.086 1.360 .1441 -10.0 -20.0 -20.0 -8.7
0.956 0.086 1.360 .1416 -20.0 -20.0 -20.0 -10.3
0.837 0.086 1.360 .1388 -30.0 -20.0 -20.0 -12.1
0.717 0.086 1.360 .1351 -40.0 -20.0 -20.0 -14.4
0.598 0.086 1.360 .1310 -50.0 -20.0 -20.0 -17.0
0.478 0.086 1.360 .1260 -60.0 -20.0 -20.0 -20.2
0.359 0.086 1.360 .1201 -70.0 -20.0 -20.0 -24.0
0.239 0.086 1.360 .1126 -80.0 -20.0 -20.0 -28.7
0.120 0.086 1.360 .1032 -90.0 -20.0 -20.0 -34.7
0.000 0.086 1.360 .0901 -100.0 -20.0 -20.0 -43.0
predicted changes in ozone for future changes in nox
voc nox co o3 %-chg voc %-chg nox %-chg co %-chg o3
1.195 0.108 1.360 .1554 0.0 0.0 -20.0 -1.6
1.195 0.097 1.360 .1510 0.0 -10.0 -20.0 -4.4
1.195 0.086 1.360 .1459 0.0 -20.0 -20.0 -7.6
1.195 0.075 1.360 .1401 0.0 -30.0 -20.0 -11.2
1.195 0.065 1.360 .1335 0.0 -40.0 -20.0 -15.5
1.195 0.054 1.360 .1259 0.0 -50.0 -20.0 -20.3
1.195 0.043 1.360 .1169 0.0 -60.0 -20.0 -26.0
1.195 0.032 1.360 .1067 0.0 -70.0 -20.0 -32.4
1.195 0.022 1.360 .0947 0.0 -80.0 -20.0 -40.0
1.195 0.011 1.360 .0808 0.0 -90.0 -20.0 -48.9
1.195 0.000 1.360 .0650 0.0 -100.0 -20.0 -58.8
predicted changes in ozone for future changes in co
voc nox co o3 %-chg voc %-chg nox %-chg co %-chg o3
1.195 0.086 1.700 .1463 0.0 -20.0 0.0 -7.3
1.195 0.086 1.530 .1461 0.0 -20.0 -10.0 -7.5
1.195 0.086 1.360 .1459 0.0 -20.0 -20.0 -7.6
1.195 0.086 1.190 .1456 0.0 -20.0 -30.0 -7.8
1.195 0.086 1.020 .1453 0.0 -20.0 -40.0 -8.0
1.195 0.086 0.850 .1451 0.0 -20.0 -50.0 -8.1
1.195 0.086 0.680 .1449 0.0 -20.0 -60.0 -8.2
1.195 0.086 0.510 .1446 0.0 -20.0 -70.0 -8.4
1.195 0.086 0.340 .1445 0.0 -20.0 -80.0 -8.5
1.195 0.086 0.170 .1441 0.0 -20.0 -90.0 -8.7
1.195 0.086 0.000 .1439 0.0 -20.0 -100.0 -8.8
multiple calculations performed for isopleth diagram
all calculations use initial co = 1.700 ppm
the chemical mechanism file is:
Sample run for Durham, NC
photolytic rate constants calculated for
Durham, NC
latitude 35.590
longitude 78.530
time zone 4
date 7 8 1998
time 800 to 2000 local daylight time
dilution determined from the following
inversion heights initial 250. final 2846.
timing start 800. stop 1500.
mixing heights (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
height 250.0 631.5 1173.7 1726.2 2156.8 2460.1 2678.6 2846.0
temperature (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
temp 294.0 297.0 300.0 303.0 304.0 305.0 306.0 306.0 307.0
307.0 306.0 304.0
pressure 0.97 atmosphere
water concentrations (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
ppm 16841. 17753. 17944. 17493. 17166. 16737. 15707. 15707. 16057.
16057. 18652. 19807.
relative humidity (at the beginning of each hour)
hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
rh (%) 68.0 60.0 51.0 42.0 39.0 36.0 32.0 32.0 31.0
31.0 38.0 45.0
voc reactivity fractions
initial transport
voc emitted aloft surface
par 0.564 0.498 0.498
eth 0.037 0.034 0.034
ole 0.035 0.020 0.020
tol 0.089 0.042 0.042
xyl 0.117 0.026 0.026
form 0.021 0.070 0.070
ald2 0.052 0.037 0.037
dien 0.000 0.000 0.000
nr 0.085 0.273 0.273
no2/nox ratios:
initial emitted surface mix = 0.25
transported surface mixture = 1.00
transported aloft mixture = 1.00
hourly emissions = 0.05
transported concentrations
surface o3 = 0.000 voc = 0.000 nox = 0.000 co = 0.000 ppm
aloft voc = 0.030 nox = 0.002 co = 0.500 ppm
height o3 aloft
100. 0.0555
emissions fractions
(ratioed to initial concentrations for initial mixing height and 298.15 k)
hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
species m.w.
voc 14.50 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.047 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.053
nox 46.00 0.075 0.067 0.060 0.060 0.062 0.061 0.061 0.064 0.070 0.074
isop 68.13 3.876 5.88613.35021.10222.96824.26023.68622.53719.95314.786
apin 136.24 0.718 0.933 1.149 1.436 1.507 1.579 1.651 1.651 1.651 1.579
co 28.00 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.000
mass emissions
(kg/km**2 at 298.15 k)
hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
species
voc 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.3
nox 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1
isop 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.0
apin 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
co 9.7 8.8 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.8 9.1 0.0
surface deposition rates (cm/sec)
species hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14
no2 rate 0.480 0.540 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.540 0.480
0.360 0.240 0.000 0.000
o3 rate 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.700 0.600
0.500 0.300 0.000 0.000
hno3 rate 3.000 3.300 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.300 3.200
3.000 2.600 0.000 0.000
h2o2 rate 1.800 1.900 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.900 1.800
1.700 1.600 0.000 0.000
pan rate 0.480 0.540 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.540 0.480
0.360 0.240 0.000 0.000
the following simulations were done.
voc nox ratio o3
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 7.229E-02
0.00000 0.02000 0.00000 8.895E-02
0.00000 0.04000 0.00000 9.782E-02
0.00000 0.06000 0.00000 1.020E-01
0.00000 0.08000 0.00000 1.007E-01
0.00000 0.10000 0.00000 8.988E-02
0.00000 0.12000 0.00000 7.455E-02
0.00000 0.14000 0.00000 6.407E-02
0.00000 0.16000 0.00000 5.671E-02
0.00000 0.18000 0.00000 5.159E-02
0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 4.768E-02
0.20000 0.00000 0.00000 7.202E-02
0.20000 0.02000 10.00000 9.321E-02
0.20000 0.04000 5.00000 1.049E-01
0.20000 0.06000 3.33333 1.120E-01
0.20000 0.08000 2.50000 1.151E-01
0.20000 0.10000 2.00000 1.132E-01
0.20000 0.12000 1.66667 1.027E-01
0.20000 0.14000 1.42857 8.675E-02
0.20000 0.16000 1.25000 7.406E-02
0.20000 0.18000 1.11111 6.501E-02
0.20000 0.20000 1.00000 5.848E-02
0.40000 0.00000 0.00000 7.072E-02
0.40000 0.02000 20.00000 9.547E-02
0.40000 0.04000 10.00000 1.098E-01
0.40000 0.06000 6.66667 1.192E-01
0.40000 0.08000 5.00000 1.252E-01
0.40000 0.10000 4.00000 1.275E-01
0.40000 0.12000 3.33333 1.253E-01
0.40000 0.14000 2.85714 1.151E-01
0.40000 0.16000 2.50000 9.882E-02
0.40000 0.18000 2.22222 8.485E-02
0.40000 0.20000 2.00000 7.433E-02
0.60000 0.00000 0.00000 6.940E-02
0.60000 0.02000 30.00000 9.626E-02
0.60000 0.04000 15.00000 1.130E-01
0.60000 0.06000 10.00000 1.245E-01
0.60000 0.08000 7.50000 1.326E-01
0.60000 0.10000 6.00000 1.375E-01
0.60000 0.12000 5.00000 1.393E-01
0.60000 0.14000 4.28571 1.369E-01
0.60000 0.16000 3.75000 1.271E-01
0.60000 0.18000 3.33333 1.112E-01
0.60000 0.20000 3.00000 9.604E-02
0.80000 0.00000 0.00000 6.821E-02
0.80000 0.02000 40.00000 9.599E-02
0.80000 0.04000 20.00000 1.148E-01
0.80000 0.06000 13.33333 1.282E-01
0.80000 0.08000 10.00000 1.381E-01
0.80000 0.10000 8.00000 1.451E-01
0.80000 0.12000 6.66667 1.493E-01
0.80000 0.14000 5.71429 1.506E-01
0.80000 0.16000 5.00000 1.480E-01
0.80000 0.18000 4.44444 1.390E-01
0.80000 0.20000 4.00000 1.234E-01
1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 6.733E-02
1.00000 0.02000 50.00000 9.522E-02
1.00000 0.04000 25.00000 1.157E-01
1.00000 0.06000 16.66667 1.307E-01
1.00000 0.08000 12.50000 1.421E-01
1.00000 0.10000 10.00000 1.506E-01
1.00000 0.12000 8.33333 1.567E-01
1.00000 0.14000 7.14286 1.605E-01
1.00000 0.16000 6.25000 1.615E-01
1.00000 0.18000 5.55556 1.588E-01
1.00000 0.20000 5.00000 1.503E-01
1.20000 0.00000 0.00000 6.665E-02
1.20000 0.02000 60.00000 9.424E-02
1.20000 0.04000 30.00000 1.156E-01
1.20000 0.06000 20.00000 1.321E-01
1.20000 0.08000 15.00000 1.448E-01
1.20000 0.10000 12.00000 1.547E-01
1.20000 0.12000 10.00000 1.623E-01
1.20000 0.14000 8.57143 1.679E-01
1.20000 0.16000 7.50000 1.711E-01
1.20000 0.18000 6.66667 1.719E-01
1.20000 0.20000 6.00000 1.693E-01
1.40000 0.00000 0.00000 6.611E-02
1.40000 0.02000 69.99999 9.315E-02
1.40000 0.04000 35.00000 1.152E-01
1.40000 0.06000 23.33333 1.325E-01
1.40000 0.08000 17.50000 1.466E-01
1.40000 0.10000 14.00000 1.578E-01
1.40000 0.12000 11.66667 1.666E-01
1.40000 0.14000 10.00000 1.735E-01
1.40000 0.16000 8.75000 1.785E-01
1.40000 0.18000 7.77778 1.815E-01
1.40000 0.20000 7.00000 1.821E-01
1.60000 0.00000 0.00000 6.566E-02
1.60000 0.02000 79.99999 9.208E-02
1.60000 0.04000 40.00000 1.145E-01
1.60000 0.06000 26.66667 1.327E-01
1.60000 0.08000 20.00000 1.476E-01
1.60000 0.10000 16.00000 1.598E-01
1.60000 0.12000 13.33333 1.700E-01
1.60000 0.14000 11.42857 1.775E-01
1.60000 0.16000 10.00000 1.840E-01
1.60000 0.18000 8.88889 1.885E-01
1.60000 0.20000 8.00000 1.915E-01
1.80000 0.00000 0.00000 6.524E-02
1.80000 0.02000 90.00000 9.113E-02
1.80000 0.04000 45.00000 1.135E-01
1.80000 0.06000 30.00000 1.323E-01
1.80000 0.08000 22.50000 1.480E-01
1.80000 0.10000 18.00000 1.612E-01
1.80000 0.12000 15.00000 1.722E-01
1.80000 0.14000 12.85714 1.812E-01
1.80000 0.16000 11.25000 1.886E-01
1.80000 0.18000 10.00000 1.945E-01
1.80000 0.20000 9.00000 1.986E-01
2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 6.491E-02
2.00000 0.02000 99.99999 9.025E-02
2.00000 0.04000 50.00000 1.125E-01
2.00000 0.06000 33.33333 1.316E-01
2.00000 0.08000 25.00000 1.479E-01
2.00000 0.10000 20.00000 1.618E-01
2.00000 0.12000 16.66667 1.736E-01
2.00000 0.14000 14.28571 1.837E-01
2.00000 0.16000 12.50000 1.919E-01
2.00000 0.18000 11.11111 1.988E-01
2.00000 0.20000 10.00000 2.043E-01